With the growing evidence of cultural developments in south and south-eastern (Baluchistan) areas of Afghanistan, the archaeologists are now led to inter that there existed some kind of interaction between these and other regions, even such disparate regions as Soviet Central Asia and the Indus Valley during pre-and protohistoric periods. Investigations in Baluchistan and southeastern Afghanistan with regard to such interactions.

Developing a theoretical approach, evolved directly out of his anthropological training, Jim Shaffer supports  his interpretations and conclusions on a ‘Systematic Model’ involving the study of ‘Adaptive areas’, ‘Tradition’ – artifactual and material culture – and ‘ Interaction Spheres’, where trade and religion play a significant role.